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Justus Lipsius
Justus Lipsius (Joose Lips or Joost Lips) (18 October 1547 – 23 March 1606) was a Flemish philologist and humanist. Lipsius wrote a series of works designed to revive ancient Stoicism in a form that would be compatible with Christianity. The most famous of these is ''De Constantia'' (''On Constancy''). His form of Stoicism influenced a number of contemporary thinkers, creating the intellectual movement of Neostoicism. He taught at the universities in Jena, Leiden and Leuven.
==Early life==
Lipsius was born in Overijse, Brabant (in modern Belgium). His parents sent him early to the Jesuit college in Cologne, but they feared that he might become a member of the Society of Jesus, so when he was sixteen they removed him to the University of Louvain in Leuven.
The publication of his ''Variarum Lectionum Libri Tres'' (1567), which he dedicated to Cardinal Granvelle, earned him an appointment as a Latin secretary, and a visit to Rome in the retinue of the cardinal. Here Lipsius remained for two years, devoting his spare time to the study of the Latin classics, collecting inscriptions and examining manuscripts in the Vatican. After he returned from Rome, he published a second volume of miscellaneous criticism (''Antiquarum Lectionum Libri Quinque'', 1575); compared with the ''Variae Lectiones'' of eight years earlier, it shows that he had advanced from the notion of purely conjectural emendation to that of emending by collation.
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